2000 Conference Abstracts

BIOLOGY

WELSH, ANNIE (DAVIDSON COLLEGE)
THE EFFECT OF APOMORPHINE ON THE UNILATERAL 6-OHDA LESION TO THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
The unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat serves as a model for the study of dopaminergic denervation in the area of the substantia nigra (SN). Unilateral damage to the neurons that project from the SN to the nigrostriatum causes asymmetry in dopamine-induced responses. Administration of DA agonists can be used to induce stimulation of the nigrostriatum, causing asymmetrical rotational behavior. We attempted to demonstrate that apomorphine leads to contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral damage to the SN. Following seven days of initial behavioral testing, we unilaterally lesioned the substantia nigra of each subject with 6-hydroxydopamine, and repeated behavioral testing after a two week recovery period. Analysis of our results demonstrated that apomorphine induced a significant increase in the rate of contralateral rotations in rats with the lesion. This behavioral effect reveals the response of the CNS to neuronal damage, relating specifically to the effects of Parkinson's disease. This model reveals the physiological consequences of this disease, explaining the delay in onset of symptoms only after severe neurodegeneration. The consistent contralateral rotations induced by apomorphine may be used in evaluating the extent of DA damage caused by the 6-OHDA lesion for the selection of appropriate subjects for the research of potential methods of treatment for Parkinson's.

SIKKA, VERONICA (VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY)
THE COMBINED BATTERY OF CK-MB AND MYOGLOBIN VERSUS TROPONIN I IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common causes of patient admittance to hospitals. Proper diagnosis of MI is crucial to reducing hospital costs and increasing patient survival rates. Currently, the three common markers that many hospitals utilize are CK-MB, myoglobin, and troponin I. Most hospitals use the combined battery of CK-MB and myoglobin to determine whether a patient had MI. However, recently, many commercial advertisements have purported to the high specificity and sensitivity of troponin I (see Appendix 1). In this experiment, the efficiency of the battery of CK-MB and myoglobin versus troponin I was determined in patients with renal failure. It was found that troponin I was most efficient in diagnosing MI. It was the 100% specific, sensitive, and diagnostically accurate. The battery of CK-MB and myoglobin, on the other hand, was significantly lower in its diagnostic accuracy (24%), specificity (22%), and sensitivity (100%). Thus, through this study, it was determined that in order to ensure diagnostic accuracy and reduced hospital costs, troponin I should be used instead of the battery comprised of CK-MB and myoglobin.

KOSTADINOV, TIHOMIR (UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND)
COMPARATIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATICIFEROUS SYSTEM IN SELECTED SPECIES OF EUPHORBIA AND CHAMAESYCE (EUPHORBIACEAE)
CO-AUTHORS: KOSTADINOV, TIHOMIR, S. HAYDEN, W. JOHN *
Seeds and seedlings of 13 species of Euphorbia were examined to determine number of laticifer initials at the cotyledonary node as part of ongoing search for systematically useful anatomical characters in tribe Euphorbieae. Tissues were fixed, dehydrated in t-butanol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained in haematoxylin and safranin, and mounted in Permount for light microscopy. Most species studied exhibit precocious development of laticifers, i.e., mature seeds show a complex plexus of intertwined cells at the cotyledonary node, obscuring original number of laticifer initials. Only in Euphorbia chersonesa, did we observe laticifer initials, a total of 12, matching Mahlberg's observations in immature embryos of Euphorbia marginata. Therefore, some degree of heterochrony exists in laticifer development in different species of Euphorbia. Our preparations also revealed a somewhat obscure and unusual feature of angiosperm ovules-- the hypostase--to be characteristic of every species studied. The hypostase is a denser-staining tissue at the chalazal end of the ovule, in which tracheary elements with helical thickenings were prominent. The seedlings also revealed two character states regarding vascularization of the cotyledons. In confirmation of previous studies, lateral traces in Chamaesyce are split, i.e. they converge to a common bundle in the hypocotyl. Whereas E. nicaeensis and E. myrsinites possess split lateral traces as found in Chamaesyce, most other Euphorbia species studied exhibited independent traces, which never converge in the hypocotyl. Further study of the hypostase and the cotyledonary traces is needed to determine a possible systematic and phylogenetic value of the observations.

HAMILTON, PATRICIA (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
MAYFLY RESPONSES TO CHEMICAL STIMULI
CO-AUTHORS: HAMILTON, PATRICIA L. ; *FINK, LINDA S.
The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries stocks mountain streams with three species of trout. The stocking of both brown trout, Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, has been extremely successful from the perspective of anglers; on the other hand, the effects on the macroinvertebrates upon which they feed are little known. One taxon that is fed upon by trout throughout both groups' life cycles is the order Ephemeroptera (the mayflies). Mayflies' responses to trout are unknown.
During the summer of 2000, I tested the behavioral responses of mayfly nymphs to trout "odor" (water from troughs in which thousands of trout live at a trout hatchery). I collected mayflies of the families Heptageniidae and Ephemerellidae from the North Fork of the Tye River and quantified time they spent doing individual action patterns. I used three treatment groups: plain stream water as a control, water from the hatchery, and stream water with drops of licorice extract (to see if behavioral responses would be to any added chemical or smell, rather than specifically to the trout). I found no strong differences in the behavior of nymphs in the three treatments. However, mayflies given trout water seemed to spend less time doing conspicuous action patterns than did the other treatment groups. They were also more likely to do one action pattern, the tail flick, which has been proposed to have some type of antipredator function

ARORA, MILI (VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY)
SV40 IN VITRO PACKAGING SYSTEM FOR EXPRESSION OF MDR1 IN HUMAN CELL LINES
CO-AUTHORS: KIMCHI-SARFATY, CHAVA; MULLER, MARIANNA; GOTTESMAN, MICHAEL
Multidrug Resistance (MDR1) gene expresses a 140 kDa P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which transports a wide range of cytotoxic drugs across the membrane of the cell. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient viral gene therapy system that may confer chemotherapy resistance on bone marrow cells (BMC) of cancer patients. High doses of chemotherapy for solid tumors is limited by the sensitivity of patient's BMC through the transduction of MDR1. SV40, a member of simian papovavirus, is a 5.2 kb plasmid. It is a prime candidate for viral gene therapy because it has 1) no expected immune response, 2) a high rate of entry into target cells, and 3) an ability to infect non-dividing cells. An in vitro packaging system was used to test the conditions to deliver the MDR1 gene in K562 and .45 cell lines. Transfection was facilitated in the presence of four SV40 viral capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, VP3 and agno. The cells were analyzed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) method. The results suggest that both cell types can be efficiently transfected with a plasmid up to a size of 15 kb. Though these results provide encouragement, further studies must be done for the publication purposes.

KREIDER, GERALD (ALBRIGHT COLLEGE, READING, PA)
ANALYSIS OF LUXA REGION DNA FROM THE LUMINOUS BACTERIUM SHEWANELLA HANEDAI
CO-AUTHORS: ARMSTRONG, DAVID T., *KREIDER, GERALD L., O'CONNOR, ERIN
All known visible light producing (luminous) marine bacteria belong to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria and produce the enzyme luciferase. Of this group, the most thoroughly studied are in the family Vibrionaceae (e.g. Vibrio fischeri, Photobacterium leiognathi and Photobacterium phosphoreum). In this study, we begin a characterization of the lux operon in a less well-studied weakly luminous bacterium Shewanella hanedai. S. hanedai (family Alteromonadaceae) grows by non-fermentative (oxidative) metabolism and is only weakly luminescent, distinguishing it from the luminous bacteria in the family Vibrionacea. As a first step in characterization of structural and functional aspects of S. hanedai's luciferase, we have cloned a 743 bp luxA amplicon, determined its nucleotide sequence, and evaluated its relationship to other luxA amplicons/genes. We conclude that, while S. hanedai is taxonomically and metabolically distinct from luminous bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae, its luciferase alpha subunit protein exhibits extensive homology with that of Vibrio fischeri and other bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae.

KELLOGG, SHELLY (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
FINDING A BETTER WAY OF TREATING CISPLATIN RESISTANT CANCERS
CO-AUTHORS: KELLOGG, SHELLY K.; *DAVIES, ROBIN L
Cisplatin resistance continues to be a major limiting factor in the treatment of many types of cancer, especially ovarian cancer. Alternative platinum and palladium compounds are of interest as possible cancer treatments due to the selective cytotoxicity shown by some as well as the potential for treating cisplatin resistant tumors. Several novel platinum and palladium compounds were recently synthesized for the first time by Dr. Robert Granger of the Department of Chemistry at Sweet Briar College. Some of these were tested for their cytotoxic effect against several normal and cisplatin resistant and sensitive transformed uterine and ovarian cell lines. Most exhibited marked cytotoxicity against the sensitive and resistant cell lines, and a few are fairly selective as well. Pd((dppz)2Cl2)Cl2, Pd(dione)Cl4, and Pt(dione)Cl4 are the most selective and also very cytotoxic. The mechanisms of action of these compounds are still unknown, but they are much more effective than cisplatin against all of the cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines tested.

ALLENDER, JULIE (LYNCHBURG COLLEGE)
THE EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND TAMOXIFEN ON EXPRESSION OF HER2 AND HER3
CO-AUTHORS: ALLENDER, JULIE A.; REVIS, KILEY D.;*JABLONSKI, ALLISON B.
Breast cancer is estimated to affect one in nine women in their lifetime. There is understandably a great effort to find the cause of breast cancer. In previous studies, it has been shown that the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) is overexpressed in 20-30% of human breast tumors. Approximately 60% of the time, HER2 is overexpressed with HER3, another receptor family member. Because these receptors are found in greater abundance in cancerous breast tissue than in normal tissue, it is thought they may be involved in the formation and progression of breast cancer. There is also evidence that the estrogen signaling pathway and HER family members interact at both the protein and the mRNA levels. This project examined the overall levels of HER2 and HER3 using cell lysates treated with estrogen or tamoxifen, an estrogen analogue. We examined four estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cell lines with varying levels of HER2/HER3 expression (MDA-MB-361, ZR75, BT-474, MCF7) and one ER(-) cell line with high HER2 expression (UACC812). Changes in expression levels of HER2 and HER3 after treatment with estrogen or tamoxifen were determined through Western blotting, and appear to be cell-line dependent. Future studies will examine changes in HER2 mRNA levels following treatment with estrogen or tamoxifen to test for correlation between mRNA and protein expression. Defining patterns of crosstalk between the ER and HER family signaling pathways will enable us to better design therapeutics to prevent increased cell division in breast cancer patients.

BURRITT, SARA (LONGWOOD COLLEGE)
CONTRIBUTIONS OF RAS AND RHO GTPASES TO CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 GENE EXPRESSION AND PROSTAGLANDIN E2 SIGNALING
CO-AUTHORS: BURRITT SARA R.; MURPHY, GRETCHEN A.; DER CHANNING, J*
For over 20 years, studies have shown aspirin to inhibit colon tumor growth. It has recently been discovered that aspirin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Levels of COX-2 protein and mRNA are elevated in colon carcinomas, with the function of COX-2 being the production of eicosanoids, small short lived compounds that elicit various biological responses by activating cellular signaling pathways. One eicosanoid, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is thought to function in tumor progression by triggering cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Ras and Ras-related small GTP binding and hydrolyzing proteins (GTPases) activate multiple signaling pathways, and constitutively active mutants of Ras proteins have been isolated in ~50% of colon tumors. The goals of this project were to 1) determine if Rho GTPases mediate activation of COX-2 in rat intestinal epithelial (RIE)-1 cells, and 2) examine the contribution of Ras and Ras-related pathways to PGE2 signaling. Treatment of RIE-1 cells with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) resulted in elevated COX-2 protein levels. Expression of RhoGDI-a (down regulator of Rho GTPase signaling) inhibited EGF-stimulated COX-2 protein induction in RIE-1 cells, suggesting that Rho GTPases contribute to regulation of COX-2 activation. To examine PGE2 signaling, RIE-1 cells were treated with PGE2 for various time periods and activation of Ras signaling pathways was assessed. Using activation specific probes, we determined that treatment of RIE-1 cells with PGE2 resulted in activation of Ras,, and Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK). Our results indicate that PGE2 mediates activation of small GTPases and ERK, and therefore may contribute to Ras-mediated transformation.

CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY

HARRIS, STEPHANIE (CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY)
REMEDIATION OF HG(II) AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING LOW-COST ADSORBENTS
CO-AUTHORS: ABDEL-FATTAH, TAREK *; HARRIS, STEPHANIE
Batch adsorption isothermic studies are conducted to compare and evaluate different types of adsorbents for mercury removal from aqueous media. The selection of adsorbent materials such as activated carbon (Calgon Filtrasorb 400) and naturally occurring zeolite (clinoptilolite and chabazite) was chosen because of their relative low cost. The selection of the molecular sieves (13X and 5A) was chosen because they provide a basis for comparison with previous studies and represent well-characterized materials. Modeling mercury adsorption by different adsorbents using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm expressions helps compare the affinity of each adsorbent and determine their capacity for mercury removal from aqueous media. The data show that the native form of activated carbon and chabazite as low-cost adsorbents gives great promise for mercury remediation.

BOGHEA, MIRELA (CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY)
STUDY OF LOW-COST ADSORBENTS FOR CADMIUM REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA
CO-AUTHORS: ABDEL-FATTAH, TAREK *;BOGHEA, MIRELA
This study concerns the screening of low-cost adsorbents for cadmium removal from aqueous media. The selection of different low-cost adsorbents such as naturally occurring zeolites (clinoptilolite and chabazite), synthetic zeolites (13X and 5A) and activated carbon (Calgon Filtrasorb 400) is based upon literature guidance. These adsorbents are investigated to determine their capacity for cadmium removal from aqueous media by batch adsorption studies. The data show that all adsorbents have affinity for cadmium removal from aqueous media. However, 13X has shown to remove more than 95% of cadmium from aqueous solution. One potential application of adsorbents for cadmium is point-of-use treatment devices.

EDWARDS, TONICKA (CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY)
MODIFICATION OF LOW-COST ADSORBENTS FOR FLUORIDE REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA
CO-AUTHORS: ABDEL-FATTAH, TAREK *, EDWARDS, TONICKA, ; SPURLOCK, MATTHEW
The objective of this study is modification of various low-cost adsorbents such as activated carbon (Calgon Filtrasorb 400), two naturally occurring zeolites (clinoptilolite and chabazite) and two synthetic molecular sieves (13X and 5A) for fluoride removal from aqueous media. This has been carried out using 0.2 M solutions of FeSO4 and CaCl2 which improved the sorption capacities of the adsorbents. Furthermore, these adsorbents are investigated to determine their capacity for removal of fluoride from water by batch adsorption studies. We have also performed a batch sorption experiment that showed a significantly enhanced removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by clinoptilolite modified by the quaternary amine hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium (HDTMA), although the native form of clinoptilolite has shown no affinity for fluoride removal.

VOGLER, BRIEANNE (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
PLATINUM PLATINUM IV AND PALLADIUM IV COMPOUNDS AS ANTI-CANCER AGENTS: A SELECTIVE CYTOTOXICITY STUDY
*DAVIES, ROBIN L.; *GRANGER, ROBERT M
The purpose of my Junior Honors Research was to provide additional information on the range of transformed cell lines whose growth can be affected by the administration of platinum and palladium metal compounds. During the spring of 2000, I investigated the cytotoxicity of platinum IV and palladium IV as the metal center attached to a mono-dione (1,10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione) ligand. This report describes the effects of Pt and Pd mono-dione (10 mM in 1% DMSO) on a Wilms' tumor cell line (G-401 ATCC Number CCL-75) and a normal lung cell line (WI-38 ATCC Number CRL-1441). Based on five trials, 95.3% of normal cells survived exposure to Pt mono-dione and 91.0% of normal cells survived exposure to Pd mono-dione. However, only 36.7% of cancer cells survived exposure to Pt mono-dione and 37.5% of cancer cells survived exposure to Pd mono-dione. Based on the percent cell survival, it is consistently true that both the Pt mono-dione and the Pd mono-dione were effective cytotoxic agents. More importantly, it is clear that both metal compounds, which were consistently cytotoxic towards the G-401 cancer cell line, did not demonstrate excessive cytotoxicity towards the WI-38 normal cell line.

SPEILMAN, LAUREL (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
ARE NOVEL PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM COMPOUNDS STABLE?
CO-AUTHORS: SCHMITZ, JULIA, M.; SPEILMAN, LAUREL, T.; DAVIES, ROBIN, L.
New platinum and palladium compounds are being created and tested on a variety of normal and malignant human cell lines to determine if the new compounds have any cancer fighting activity. The half-lives of these new compounds in solution are unknown. This uncertainty causes investigators to make up new solutions every time a test is run. In our experiment we tested solutions of various ages ranging from 24 hours to 21 days on several different cell lines to determine if their ability to kill cells changed over time as compared to newly-prepared solutions. Our results did not always give a clear yes or no for the stability of the compounds over time, but the majority did appear stable over time for most cell lines. For further research, we would continue testing the compounds to test the accuracy of our results.

BENVIN, ANDREA (UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA)
CADMIUM-111 NMR SPECTROSCOPY AS TOOL FOR STUDYING NUCLEIC ACID-METAL ION INTERACTIONS
CO-AUTHORS: ANDREA L. BENVIN(1), MOLLY J. MCCLAIN(1), CHRISTOPHER F. BENDER(2), THOMAS N. GALLAHER(3) AND MICHAL SABAT(1)* (1)DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA (2) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, FROSTBURG STATE UNIVERSITY,FROSTBURG, MD (3) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY, HARRISONBURG,VA
Recently, cadmium-111 NMR spectroscopy has been successfully applied to the study of metal centers in various proteins (1). So far, however, there have been only a few reports on analogous studies of the interactions between nucleic acids and metal ions. We have carried out Cd-111 NMR measurements on several metal-modified DNA duplexes as well as single-stranded sequences that form hairpins. Several results of this investigation, including the confirmation of sequence-dependent metal binding, will be discussed.

SCARLETT, TANYA (NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY)
KINETIC PARAMETERS AND EFFECTORS OF POLYPHENOLOXIDASE FROM HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES
CO-AUTHORS: SCARLETT, TANYA, A,;GILBERT, SHANA, B.; MOSELEY, CHARITY, N.; DR. H. ALAN ROWE*
Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is known to exist in a variety of plants. Roots of several plants are known to release PPO into the rhizosphere and this enzyme plays many roles in nature, including the production of humic substances and is involved in the resistance of some plants to xenobiotics. PPO has also been implicated in the degradation of pollutant phenols from chemical process streams. However, knowledge of the biochemistry of the reaction this macromolecule catalyzes is still under investigation. Information concerning the effectors of this reaction is especially lacking. PPO was isolated from different varieties of mushroom and kinetic studies conducted on the crude extract as well as the partially purified material. The enzyme purification scheme was optimized using selective precipitation, gel filtration chromatography, and CsCl buoyant density ultracentrifugation. Using catechol as a substrate, various kinetic parameters were determined and the response of the enzyme to different effectors was examined. These results were compared to the enzyme previously isolated from varieties of musa. This study was conducted as the first step of a joint project with the Department of Chemistry at the University of Kelaniya in Sri Lanka concerning the production of a biomaterial using PPO isolates. (Supported by CMR/DE-FG01-94EW11493)

CUNNINGHAM, JENNIFER (UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND)
RV1700, A PREDICTED ADP-RIBOSE HYDROLASE FROM M. TUBERCULOSIS AND A MEMBER OF THE NUDIX HYDROLASE FAMILY
CO-AUTHORS: CUNNINGHAM, JENNIFER E ; *O'HANDLEY, SUZANNE F.
The Nudix hydrolase family of enzymes is distinguished by a common signature sequence GX5EX7REUXEEXGU where U = I, L, or V. The known enzymes hydrolyze substrates composed of nucleoside diphosphate linked to some moiety, x, hence the name Nudix. These enzymes are believed to prevent the accumulation of metabolites that would be detrimental to the cell at elevated levels. Rv1700 from M. tuberculosis is a Nudix hydrolase predicted to have ADP-ribose hydrolase activity; not only does Rv1700 contain the Nudix signature sequence, but it also contains a proline (downstream of the Nudix sequence) found to be conserved in known ADP-ribose hydrolases of the Nudix hydrolase family. Rv1700 has been cloned and expressed. The expression is relatively low and the protein product is insoluble. We are currently using proven methods to solve these problems. Once we have soluble protein, we will purify and characterize the enzyme. With enough protein, a structure will be determined for comparison to other Nudix hydrolases, specifically ADP-ribose hydrolases.

DAVID, EREL (ELON COLLEGE)
AROMATIC OXIDATION BY OXYCHLORINE SPECIES
CO-AUTHORS: DAVID N. EREL; *EUGENE B. GRIMLEY III; *E. EUGENE GOOCH
Previous studies in the laboratory have been reported on the kinetics, product analysis, and mechanism of the reduction of chlorate by chloride and phenol in aqueous acidic solution [J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem, 1977, 39, 1827.]. Recent investigations have involved the stoichiometric and product analysis of reaction between phenol and an assortment of other aromatic compounds and chlorine oxidants where the aromatic compounds have been used as scavengers for reactive chlorine intermediates. We report here the relationships between both chlorination and oxidation products of reactions employing chlorate, chlorite, and chlorine in aqueous and glacial acetic acid solutions at room temperature. The reactions were studied as a function of varying concentrations of aromatic substrate and of hydrochloric acid in the range of 1.00 M to 3.00 M. Product analysis was performed by GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy.

KIRBY, SUSAN (ROANOKE COLLEGE)
POLYACRYLAMIDE BASED FIBER OPTIC BIOSENSORS
CO-AUTHORS: KIRBY, SUSAN, C. ;* STEEHLER, JACK, K.
The goal of this research is to develop a glucose fiber optic biosensor. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), the enzyme necessary to catalyze the reaction is immobilized in polyacrylamide. Both fluorescence and absorption were used. The fluorescence worked; the absorption did not. The absorption experiment was not sensitive enough. This work is continuing, focusing on reducing background in the fluorescence experiment and automation of the instrumentation.

DOYLE, SUSAN (ROANOKE COLLEGE)
FIBER OPTIC BIOSENSORS
CO-AUTHORS: DOYLE, SUSAN, L.; *STEEHLER, JACK, K.
Fiber optic biosensors represent a new method of analyzing solutions. These sensors rely on the sensitivity of biological molecules to provide a method of analyzing solutions without separation into component parts. A fiber optic biosensor was constructed by immobilizing D-lactic dehydrogenase in a sol-gel platform. The sensor was used to measure lactate concentrations in three schemes: side-on fluorescence, end-on fluorescence, and absorption. The experimental results indicate that the end-on fluorescence is better suited for detection and that the absorption method produces high degrees of fluctuation in signal and needs modification. The results also indicate that the immobilization scheme used presents problems in recoupling of light back into the fiber.

BURR, REBEKAH (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS USING [PT(DPK)CL4]: SYNTHESIS & CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW CO2 REDUCTIONS CATALYST
CO-AUTHORS: BURR, REBEKAH; NORTH, MICAH; WILSON, MIKE; *GRANGER ROBERT M.
The synthesis, characterization and x-ray crystal structure of tetrachloro di-2-pyridyl ketone platinum(IV) (1) is described. The ketone group on the di-2-pyridyl ketone ligand attached to platinum has demonstrated unusual activity and readily adds small molecules such as H2O, CO, CO2 & H2. Molecular modeling of 1 provides an explanation of the unusual activity of this ketone and points to the possibility of developing an electrocatalyst capable of forming oxylate from two CO2 molecules.

LIGANDS: REACH OUT AND TOUCH A METAL & TOXIC DESSERTS FOR CANCER CELLS
CO-AUTHORS: KINYON, LINDSAY; BLACK, EMILY; GRANGER, ROBERT M.*
Molecules containing dipyridophenazine ligands (dppz) have been shown to
intercalate DNA. Recently, platinum and palladium molecules containing dppz ligands have been shown to have cytotoxic effects against transformed cells in culture. This research describes the synthesis of a sucrose modified dppz ligand. The idea is that a nutrient tagged drug might be actively transported into cells with accelerated metabolisms.

NGUYEN, YEN (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF [PT(DPPZ)2][PF6]2
NGUYEN, YEN; *GRANGER ROBERT M.
The synthesis of bis(dipyridophenazine)platinum(II) hexafluorophosphate is described. Dipyrodophenazine compounds have been shown to intercalate DNA and platinum(II) compounds have long been used as effective chemotherapeutic drugs. This project seeks to develop a platinum(II) DNA intercalator with the expectation that this compound might find use as a chemotherapeutic agent.

CO, JASON (VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE)
HEADSPACE ANALYSIS OF SEMIOCHEMICALS
CO-AUTHORS: CO, JASON E. *JONES, TAPPEY H. *HURD, LAWRENCE E. *PRETE, FREDERICK R. DOUGLAS, HECTOR D. *CONNER, WILLIAM E.
Pheromones, allomones, and other chemical signals are widely known in many insects and other animals. The identification of such compounds may prove useful in various ecological systems and pest control by manipulating the behavior of these animals. A solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique has proven to be useful in the identification of such volatile compounds. We report the first identification of a sex pheromone in a praying mantid, which was accomplished with an African species, Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister). In this case, tetradecanal and pentadecanal were identified as the major volatile components. The synthetic mixture of these compounds has been shown to attract and elicit sexual behavior in male mantids, and subsequent morphological studies have shown evidence of male antennal receptors for the synthetic pheromone. Headspace analysis using the SPME technique has also proven successful in the identification of the volatile secretions of the crested auklet, Aethia cristatella, found in Northeast Asia and Western Alaska. A citrus odor is readily discernable when a flock of these sea birds fly by. Headspace analysis was useful as a preliminary investigative method, and extracts of the feathers have allowed the identification of various saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. This chemical mixture is believed to be a chemical signal for the auklets to locate their nesting sites.

CO, JASON (VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE)
THE STRUCTURE OF A NOVEL PYRROLIDO-AZEPANE FROM A DENDROBATID FROG
CO-AUTHORS: ZOTTIG,VICTOR, E.; SMITH, LANCE, J.; DR. JONES, TAPPEY, H.*
Dendrobated frogs of Central and South America have been a rich source of a wide variety of biologically active alkaloids, comprising over twenty structural classes. A new compound found in the dendrobatid frog Dendrobates lehmanni, was suggested by CI/MS/MS studies to be a 5/7 membered bicyclic ring system containing nitrogen and two substituents. Since this compound can have four possible diastereomers, stereoselective synthesis were undertaken to establish the stereochemistry of the natural material.The syntheses from the pyrrolidine and azepane precursors of known stereochemistry provided synthetic material for comparison of the natural alkaloids. The obvious relationship between pyrrolidoazepanes and the known ant venom alkaloids invokes a dietary hypothesis of these compounds in amphibians.

BREEDING, JASON (VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE)
THE DETERMINATION OF BLOCK COPOLYMER EXCHANGE RATES BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
CO-AUTHORS: BREEDING, JASON W., HARTER, ANDREWG., *CAIN, JUDITH B.
Block copolymer solutions in selective solvents appear to behave, in some respects, like conventional ionic and non-ionic surfactants. There are, however, documented differences between the size, stability, and structure of block copolymer micelles and those of conventional surfactant molecules. Our work has focused on quantifying exchange rates for the entry and exit of unimers into a micelle using 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). While conventional surfactants also display this exchange, some evidence suggests the rate of exchange in block copolymer systems could be orders of magnitude slower. We began our investigations with the well studied Sodium Dodecylsulfate in D2O system. This is a conventional surfactant system that is known to experience rapid exchange. The NMR results show that this system does exchange rapidly and that the observed chemical shifts as a function of concentration are the result of susceptability changes arising from micellization and the changes in micelle population. Next, we examined a block copolymer of polystyrene and polybutadiene in various solvent systems. Whether or not this system forms micelles is strongly dependent on the solvent. This poster will present the preliminary results for this block copolymer in solvent systems of pure deuterated tetrahydrofuran (where it does not form micelles) and pure hexane (where the block copolymer forms micelles with a polystyrene core).

ROSS, MELANIE (ELON COLLEGE)
AN ELECTROCHEMICALSENSOR FOR MOLTEN GLASS
CO-AUTHORS: ROSS, MELANIE A. SCHREIBER, CHARLOTTE *SCHREIBER, HENRY D. *SIENERTH, KARL D.
Many properties of industrial glass are influenced by the redox state of polyvalent elements that are present as additives or impurities. One way to express the redox state of a glass is to indicate the ratio(s) between the oxidized and reduced forms of polyvalent elements in the glassmelt or glass. At present, monitoring the glass-making process often relies on the analysis of the quenched product, after the fact, by chemical or spectroscopic methods. Although those methods are functional and reliable, they are not truly cost-effective, since detection of problems with a batch of glass occurs after the glass has cooled, and correction of such problems involves re-melting the glass. Hence, methods by which the redox state of the molten glass can be determined and/or controlled are of great interest. The objective of our studies is to develop an in-situ "redox ratio" sensor for use in molten glass. Our sensor consists of a three-electrode assembly that is dipped into the melt at temperatures well above the liquidus point (T=1000 C). Square wave voltammograms are used to identify the relevant redox potentials, and then the ratio of the reduced to oxidized forms is determined by performing chronoamperometric measurements at two potentials (one oxidizing, one reducing). We will report on recent and current studies involving additional the Cr(VI)/Cr(III) system, which we have used as a model system for proof-of-concept.

WEBB, BENJAMIN (ELON COLLEGE)
SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY OF DI-2-PYRIDYLKETONE PLATINUM(IV) TETRACHLORIDE
CO-AUTHORS: WEBB, BENJAMIN C. *GRANGER, ROBERT M. *SIENERTH, KARL
We will report on recent studies of the electrochemical behavior of di-2-pyridylketone platinum(IV) tetrachloride (Pt(IV)[DPK]). This novel platinum(IV) complex was first synthesized by Dr. Robert M. Granger, and preliminary investigations demonstrate that it might find considerable significance as a catalyst. Characterization of the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of Pt(IV)[DPK] is the focus of the research reported here. Initial inspection of voltammetric traces indicated that the first step in the reduction of Pt(IV)[DPK] is wholly irreversible. However, current studies have demonstrated that the first reduction step is chemically reversible, but exhibits a significant degree of thermodynamic irreversibility. Constant potential coulometry experiments have shown that the first step involves the reduction of Pt(IV) to Pt(II). We will report on recent and current studies designed to better characterize the observed behavior, including UV-Vis and FTIR bulk electrolysis studies and stepped-potential UV-Vis and FTIR spectroelectrochemical studies

MICHELLE MADDEN (RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE)
DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT CAPACITIES OF LIQUIDS WITH TIME RESOLVED THERMAL LENS CALORIMETRY
CO-AUTHORS: PAYNE, AMY; BELCHER, DEEDEE A.; SEIDMAN, KURT*, MADDEN, MICHELLE
The application of thermal lens calorimetry to the determination of the heat capacities of liquids has been reported in the literature. The accuracy is poor; a 60% error was reported for the heat capacity of methanol. This article describes a modified procedure that dramatically improves the accuracy of the method. A set of standard solutions was prepared from solvents of known heat capacity and the dye indophenol blue. The concentration of the dye in each solvent was adjusted to produce a solution with the same absorbance at 632 nm, the wavelength of the laser used to perform the studies. These standards were used to produce a calibration line that allows one to systematically adjust the lens to sample distance and the size of the aperture in the diaphragm through which the laser beam passes. These adjustments are based upon the size of the thermal bloom produced as the laser beam passes through a sample. Standards were prepared from acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, and methanol at three different absorbances. The calibration lines were used to determine the heat capacities of chloroform and toluene at each absorbance. The average relative errors for the heat capacities of chloroform and toluene were 3.0% and 2.6%, respectively.

ECONOMICS

SUBER, CRYSTAL (VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY)
ON THE STABILITY OF THE WAGE PHILLIPS CURVE DURING THE 1990S: US VS. VIRGINIA
CO-AUTHORS: BENION, SUDIE, D CHANDLER, SAMUEL, M. SUBER, CRYSTAL, N. *OHN, JONATHAN, K.
Recently it's been shown that the traditional Phillips curve model overpredicts wage inflation during the 1990s (Duca, 1996, and Hyclak and Ohn, 2000, working paper). Wage inflation failed to accelerate in response to a falling unemployment rate during the post-1991, which led many observers to question the stability of the Phillips curve model applied to the "new Economy." We examine the wage adjustment for the national vs. Virginia state level for the post-1991, using a modified wage Phillips curve model. We find evidence of the overprediction pattern of the model for the post-1991 period in the national level, but not for Virginia. However, an econometric test on the stability for the post-1991 does not show strong evidence of the significant shift of the Phillips curve on a national or state level. When we include unemployment duration in the model as suggested by Duca and Hyclak and Ohn , it adds explanatory power for the national level, not for Virginia. The stability test on the model with unemployment duration does not show a strong evidence of the shift of the Phillips curve model, either. In the examination of the correlation between actual and predicted values of wage inflation, we find a substantial decrease in the correlation between actual and predicted wage inflation for the post-1991 period. We speculate that we need to find some better explanatory variable to reflect the labor market forces or find some economic model that explains or predicts better the actual wage adjustment process for the 1990s.

HUMANITIES

TSCHETTER, MATTHEW (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
THE FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT, BERKELEY 1964
The Free Speech Movement of UC Berkeley was the first major campus protest of the 1960s. It was an early warning of an increasingly politically active student body wanting to use the university as a staging ground for social action. An administration desired to maintain an a-political stance for the university, set-off the conflict with minor policy change curtailing political activity in certain locations, it spiraled into an all out conflict climaxing in a student sit-in of the administration building in which seven hundred students were arrested. Underlying issues of the conflict were student political rights and differing views on the nature of the university. The conflict was marked by poor communication by both sides and administrative over-handedness.

BARNES, JEANNE (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
COVERT ACTION IN CHILE: THE UNITED STATES' INVOLVEMENT
The United States played a dramatic role in Chilean politics from the presidential election in 1964 to the violent military coup in 1973. The major goal of U.S. covert action was to influence, control, contain, and manipulate political power in Chile. Covert operations comprised the authorization of over $14 million for various programs, including mass propaganda campaigns, economic pressure, influencing Chilean elections, funding private sector groups and direct efforts to promote a military coup. This paper examines covert action in Chile and how it was an instrument of U.S. foreign policy, mandated by the highest levels of government.

POPLIN, ELIZABETH (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
PATIENCE AND PERSEVERANCE; WILLIAM C. FOSTER AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
The late 1950s to the mid 1960s saw increased tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. The escalated arms race produced fear of nuclear war in both governments and their people. This fear inspired both nations to pursue the establishment of international laws that prohibit, limit or ban nuclear weapons technology and proliferation. John F. Kennedy was the first American president to take this initiative seriously when he established a new agency dedicated to these issues. In 1961 congress passed a bill creating the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and appointed William C. Foster, former Deputy Secretary of Defense under George C. Marshall, the first Director. My paper focuses on Foster's tenure as the Director of the ACDA, 1961-1969, through discussing his leadership in the agency's formative years and researching his successes in achieving ACDAs directive to, "pursue and direct the United State's participation in international agreements that control, reduce or eliminate arms." My paper reviews the scope and structure of the ACDA and follows Foster's leadership in negotiating the Nuclear Test ban Treaty (NTBT, 1963), and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968), through his activities in retirement. My paper relied almost entirely on the personal papers of William C. Foster held in the archives of the Marshall Library in Lexington, Virginia. I was given the opportunity to write this paper by participating in the scholar program provided by the George C. Marshall Foundation last academic year.

CAMPBELL, AMANDA (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
AMERICAN MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SPACE RACE
The space race was one facet of the Cold War, as well as a microcosm for the entire conflict. The technology required to launch satellites and people into space was the same technology necessary for launching nuclear warheads and initiating global thermonuclear war. The ramification of the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 was more than the sum of its parts then. Because of the perilous position of Americans as they lagged behind in the development of space technology, American media immediately attempted to ameliorate the consequences of the launch. American media likewise discounted Yuri Gagarin’s space flight, in order to soothe American fears about lagging behind in the Space Race. However, successful American attempts at space flight were met with boundless enthusiasm by the press, and were described as the successes of a truly free nation. Likewise, advertisers in major U.S. papers identified themselves with the American space program and attempted to share in the glory of NASA. Newspapers and magazines were careful to emphasize the importance of American successes while minimizing the apparent consequences of the initial Soviet victories in the early period of the Space Race.

GILKISON, NICOLE (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
RENAISSANCE PALACES OF JAMES IV AND V
The palace of Versailles and the chateaux on the Loire instantly conjure images of comfort and beauty. By contrast, the Scottish castle at Stirling and the royal palaces of Holyrood, Falkland, and Linlithgow do not share this wide ranging acclaim. However, these palaces were once the pride and joy of their most influential patrons, King James IV and his son James V. What made these royal palaces so impressive was the presence of new Renaissance-inspired architectural features. The success of such fashionable and impressive structures was twofold: they presented a more refined and cultured image of the Scots than previously enjoyed on the Continent; they placed Scottish kings, namely James IV and V, on the wider European stage as major players.

LAKE, JUSTINNE (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
HAWAII AND THE DEFEAT OF ANTI-ANNEXATIONIST ARGUMENTS
The late 19th century was a period of American expansion. The spirit of manifest destiny showed itself in foreign policy with Alaska, Latin America, and the Philippines. In contrast, by the 1890's Hawaii already had a long and complicated history with the United States--and initial support for annexation was minimal. However, Hawaii's longtime connection was so strong that despite initial political insecurity and public opposition, it was officially annexed in 1898. Although the annexationists had little support in the beginning, eventually each argument against incorporating Hawaii was overturned until annexation seemed inevitable.

WILCOCK, ANDREW (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
REPUBLICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT
After participating in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, President Woodrow Wilson returned to America with the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson's main concern at the conference was the addition of a Covenant into the Treaty that created the foundations for the League of Nations. The League would draw the nations of the world into a forum designed to resolve conflict before allowing it to reach violent solutions. He knew that the Treaty of Versailles was flawed in many ways, but his affection towards the League of Nations Covenant incorporated within the Treaty forced him to promote its ratification. The Covenant was designed to promote world peace, but to the surprise of the world the document failed to be ratified in the United States Senate. The predominately Republican Senate felt that the Covenant discredited American Foreign Policy. They espoused the rhetoric of George Washington's Farewell Address, and the Monroe Doctrine to convey the belief that America wanted nothing to do with a document that would draw it into League with the Imperial tendencies of Europe. These Republican Isolationist reservations led to the ultimate failure of the League in the Senate.

KEITH, ANNA (VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY)
RUSHING INTO ACTION: WOMEN'S ROLE IN U.S. MILITARY ACTION
The role of women in the U. S. military is one that has changed dramatically over the past hundred years. Trying to fight their way into a male dominated world was a tough fight, but was accomplished by small advances. Women began their invasion of the military in non-combat oriented positions, such as nurse or doctor. There were many that wanted to help our nation fight for freedom and oppression, but just for the fact that they were female they were kept in the hospitals to "heal" the men. Women have wanted to be included in, and at times forced themselves into, military from as far back as the Revolutionary War, and the fight for inclusion still continues today. This male dominated society that is one that is not yet ready for the complete integration of women into their ranks. As of now, women are still prohibited from certain sections with in the military because they are not allowed to actually participate in combat. This issue of combat fighting is the last barrier that most women feel they have to break before they will truly be an equal part of this team. Tracing women's role through history to the present and then facing the issues that continues the opposition to women's equal involvement in the military provides for an understanding of how they are now ready to "rush into action."

PHILLIPS, GINGER (WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY)
THE ALIENATION OF SOLEDAD AND MATIA: THE FEMALE PROTAGONISTS OF MATUTE AS A REFLECTION OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Ana Maria Matute was a member of the first generation of Spanish authors during the postwar epic and her work is famed for its representation of the Spanish woman facing the social and political consequences of the Spanish Civil War. Matute reveals the alienation of the woman as both symbol and result of the Civil War through two female protagonists: Soledad of En esta tierra (In This Land, 1955) and Matia of Primera memoria (First Memoir, 1960). En esta tierra is the published version of Las luciernagas (The Fireflies), which was originally prohibited by the censor, and it relates the life of the young girl Soledad and the hardships she must face in a world being destroyed by the fratricide of war. In Primera memoria the mature Matia relives her adolescence during the war by writing her memoir. Both women feel socially alienated and must confront and overcome the loss of their families, possessions, and innocence. The presentation examines the connection between the desolation and alienation of the Spanish woman, represented by Soledad and Matia, as a consequence of the Civil War.

WEBB, EVELYN (RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE)
FIGURATIVE POETRY
CO-AUTHORS: WEBB, EVELYN D.; MCLAUGHLIN, CHRIS; *DUNGY, CAMILLE T.;*STREET, LAURA-GRAY
Ekphrastic poetry describes an art object in vivid terms, allowing one to "see" a painting or sculpture through the poet's words. Although ekphrasis works equally well with all forms of visual art, our research focuses on poetry written in reaction to figurative art: that which depicts and describes identifiable images. We polled poets, visual artists, and scholars with a working knowledge of ekphrasis, asking ten broad-based questions about their experiences and their opinions about the genre. The timing of our research and scope of our questions affected the number of responses we received. Respondents found it difficult to reply with simple yes or no answers. The personal perspective aspect contributed to the wide variety of answers received. Our theory proposes that ekphrastic poetry is a rising trend, propelled by the availability of art exhibits and the Internet. We live in a world where we need to extract the fullest amount of what we see and hear quickly. An expanding global community has placed increased demands on our personal time. Art helps fulfill the need for social interaction. Figurative art portrays images of everyday life. Ekphrastic poetry goes deeper into the image, expanding time and emotion. The combination enhances the viewer/reader's experience. Our research indicated an increase in the study of and/or interest in ekphrastic poetry. The majority of our survey participants saw an ongoing connection between visual and literary art. As two sides of the same coin, greater accessibility encourages and enhances a natural cross-pollination of the two genres.

BAIRD, LAUREN (DAVIDSON COLLEGE)
IDENTITY AND INTERTEXT IN EMILY DICKINSON'S "MY LIFE HAD STOOD -- A LOADED GUN"
In poem 754 "My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun", Emily Dickinson constructs an intertextual space wherein identity, artistry, authority, and adventure resound. The poem conveys an impetus for exploration as it negotiates the pressures of terror and rage. Read within the context of its fascicle-a collection of poems assembled and bound sequentially by Dickinson-, poem 754 resonates in additional ways. Its central tropes of death and loss engage the influence of the Civil War, Dickinson's correspondence with an unidentified "Master," her sexual agency, and issues of autonomy and power. Although the text describes a wilderness and conscripts a frontier aesthetic, the poem resists the conventions of Manifest Destiny. This paper explicates poem 754 as a prooftext of Dickinson's art and as a vaster intertext of the poet's language and explosive rhetorical energy.

MONSON, AMANDA (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
JACOB A. RIIS AND HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES
Jacob A. Riis arrived on the shores of New York as a Dutch immigrant and endured the difficult lifestyle of a poor and friendless day laborer, until he got a break in the newspaper business. By 1890 he was an assimilated middle class American with a published book, How the Other Half Lives. The book is a compilation of his published newspaper articles, personal stories, and photographs detailing the atmosphere of the Lower East Side tenements. He called tenements the, "modern invention of the devil." Empowered by his memories of his youth, his struggle as an immigrant, and his insecurities about his place in the middle class; Riis fought to raise awareness about what he perceived as endangering America. In the tenement districts there were no playgrounds, children were ushered into work at an early age, prostitution and crime were frequent, and families packed into tiny filthy rooms with poor ventilation. He took his audience, particularly the middle class, on a tour of the tenement district entertaining, horrifying, and forcing his audience to take a look at how the other half lives. For some it was an adventure into the unknown, an escape from their comforts into the foreign and unimaginable hazards and filth of the tenements. Jacob A Riis in How the Other Half Lives gave the middle class a chance to re-evaluate their position in life, enjoy the pleasure of looking and not being, and helped usher the idea and importance of reform.

BURDETTE, MARIE-ELYSSE (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN PAT BARKER'S REGENERATION
Pat Barker's novel, Regeneration, focises on the psychological aspects of World War I using historical evidence from Craiglockhart War hospital. The strength of the novel lies in its ability to examine sensitive and controversial issues. World War I was a time of change in England, as the country began to redefine itself in the face of adversity. The novel primarily deals with the changing roles of men within the society. But the book does not ignore the changing roles of women. It is the roles of the women that I plan to explore in my presentation.

STEPHENS, AMANDA (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
SEXUAL DECEPTION IN FAIRY TALES
Gender roles depicted in fairy tales force men, women and children to conform to a prefabricated mold. Although views on gender roles in society have changed, gender roles in fairy tales have not and the sexism in the tales is blatant. Gender bias occurs on many levels, affecting both sexes. Girls are too often ignorant, beautiful victims whereas boys can be cunning princes, valiant soldiers and kind hearted peasants. Feminists attack this inequality with ferocity. Rewriting classic fairy tales, such authors as Angela Carter, Joanna Russ and Jane Yolen reverse gender roles, turning the tables on classic fairy tales. In her fairy tale, Russalka, Joanna Russ carefully crafts a narrative about a mermaid who desires to flee her sea life and join human society. In an attempt to gain the prince's love, Russalka tries to conform to his ideas of beauty, virtue and behavior. But when she tries to conform she becomes a monster. Also familiar with fairy tales, the prince sees himself as the hero who must save Russalka from herself. Russalka and the prince each attempt to fit gender roles, she attempts to be virtuous, beautiful, silent and ignorant; he tries to be hero and savior. Both counting on a happy ending; both are left with tragedy. Russalka dies for her mistakes. The prince learns nothing from this, turning his experience into a fairy tale. The reader concludes that the consequences of conforming to gender roles is too costly and fairy tales are only a source of deception.

SEGERSTROM, SCOTT (ROANOKE COLLEGE)
GOOD SEX: THE POWER OF SEXUALITY IN SILKO'S CEREMONY AND WELCH'S WINTER IN THE BLOOD
CO-AUTHORS: PAULA ALLEN; NELSON GUNN; EMMANUAL OANDASAN; WILLIAM RUOFF; A. LAVONNE SILKO; LESLIE MARMON; WELCH, JAMES
Native American sexuality in Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony and James Welch's Winter in the Blood offers an illustration of its effects regarding physical wellness, psychological trauma, and emotional distance. In Ceremony, sexuality's function lies within a complicated healing process through which characters find healing and redemption. There are specific emotional purposes behind the sexual encounters in this novel which include reconnection to humanity and spiritual fulfillment. Oftentimes this healing occurs through modernized Native American mythological figures such as "Yellow Woman" who transfers serenity and peace sexually. Contrasting Silko's Ceremony, Welch's Winter in the Blood illustrates the results of blatant disrespect for the healing powers of sexuality. Welch's troubled protagonist desperately skips from woman to woman in search of temporary respite from his life. Consequently, he becomes dysfunctional with his family and begins to disregard tribal tradition. It is only when he realizes his abuses that he is able to complete his healing process and return to harmony within his family and within himself. In these two novels there is an emotionally-centered sexuality that features prominently with the characters and plot. It leads characters to reconnect with their past and understand the gravity of their futures. It can also serve to illustrate how detached and disillusioned characters have become from their heritage and reality. However, the end result in both Ceremony and Winter in the Blood is a return to the principles and beliefs upon which their cultures are based.

OSL, JESSICA (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
BEYOND GUILT AND INNOCENCE: THE ROSENBERGS AND WARTIME ESPIONAGE
In an environment hostile to Communism and subject to violent hysteria, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of selling atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. Three years later, they were executed for their crime of wartime espionage. In examining the trial transcripts, newspaper coverage, and recent evidence, the Rosenbergs' guilt is clear. However, the strong anti-Communist sentiment in the country also revealed much about the role the American public played in the court's decision. Authorities arrested Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the summer of 1950. Their case immediately caught the public eye and remains a point of contention even today. The state's case rested heavily on the testimonies of Ethel's own brother and sister-in-law, David and Ruth Greenglass, as well as Communist agents and Los Alamos scientists. The defense offered a weak counter-attack, calling as its only witnesses Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The jury's ruling was swift, following just fifteen days of trial. On the heels of a guilty verdict, Judge Irving Kaufman sentenced the Rosenbergs to death by electric chair. Following a string of appeals, the couple was executed in June, 1953. In the nearly fifty years since the Rosenberg trial, the controversy surrounding the couple's death - even their guilt - has not ceased. In light of the evidence, it is difficult to doubt the jury's verdict. The laws of the country mandated a punishment of death for wartime espionage. Therefore, the United States judicial system met the Rosenbergs' crime with strict justice.

RICHARDSON, CAMERON (DAVIDSON COLLEGE)
ASSOCIATING WITH THE OTHER: BALAAM'S "COMMUNITY OF BEING" IN NUMBERS
Donkeys have long been touted as exemplars of animal stupidity. Commentaries on the story of Balaam and his talking ass in the twenty-second chapter of the book of Numbers rely on the donkey's poor reputation to make the case for a satirical reading. Such inherently hierarchical readings regard the donkey as an object of rhetorical manipulation rather than an active character in the story. This anthropocentric approach looks only at Balaam's relationship with God and ignores the relationships the donkey has with both God and Balaam. An examination of all three relationships reveals that the donkey is indispensable to the maintenance of what Paul Fry calls "a community of being."

EUBANKS, PETER (UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA)
THE MARKETABLE SAINT JOAN: PERSONAL AND PRIVATE AGENDA IN VARIOUS TREATMENTS OF HER STORY
From Christine de Pizan's 1429 "Ditie de Jehanne D'Arc" to Luc Besson's recent blockbuster film "Messenger," the numerous treatments of Saint Joan of Arc in the past five centuries bespeak Joan's complexity as a political, religious, and cultural icon. Because of Joan's complexity, many different factions have incorporated her as the symbol of their credo. The varied and often conflicting causes that these factions represent are evidence of Joan's flexibility as a propaganda tool. From standing as the pious champion of medieval French nationalism and proto-feminism in Christine's "Ditie" to winning the praises of the categorically anti-religious Mark Twain in his 1895 Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (a book which he called, significantly, his "life's work"), to emerging recently as the icon of France's extreme political right, Joan successfully transcends the traditional disparity between politics and religion to become the hero of all. By examining the propagandist causes which Joan is made to espouse throughout various treatments of her story, we learn not only of the political and religious climate of the periods in which these works were produced, but more importantly we learn of the degree to which Joan's authors feel personally invested in the details and lessons of her life. My research explores not only the public nature of some of the propaganda surrounding the legend of Saint Joan, but also the more subtle, private reasons why certain authors have chosen to concern themselves with her story.

MARKELL, JUSTIN (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT OF 1838-1848: A STUDY OF WORKING CLASS REBELLION AMIDST INDUSTRIALIZATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution in England came the development of a working class. The subsequent social stratification was evident throughout the United Kingdom and while this new working class shared a mutual classification, they enjoyed little else in common. They had little social unity, hardly any legitimate control of their economic stability and even less political power. Yet, with the industrialization and new capitalist condition of England in the middle of the nineteenth century came also a new spirit of reform. It was in this spirit that the Chartist Movement evolved. In analyzing the social, economic and political climate in which Chartism cultivated, it is possible to study its effects on the social stratification of the era and the democratic ideals it instilled in its aftermath. Chartism often divides historians in their study of the movement. Some see it as a failure through and through while others give the Chartists legitimate credit for their efforts and goals. Through studying the movement, its several stages and the overwhelming spirit of devotion to its cause, students of the Chartist movement "celebrated as the first working class revolution," can interpret it as more successful in its aims than is often credited. An extensive use of both primary and secondary sources is necessary to prove this thesis. Research by such scholars as Dorothy Thompson, Mark Hovell, and G.D.H. Cole complement a wide variety of autobiographies and first-hand accounts from the period to portray Chartism in the positive light it deserves.

MITCHELL, GWENDOLYN (JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY)
ARCHITECTURE OF THE VICTORIAN ERA IN ENGLAND: A SOCIETAL EXPRESSION OF WEALTH, PROSPERITY, STATUS AND HERITGAGE
Never in the history of British culture has architecture so affected society as in the 19th century. It was during this time that the British culture re-examined itself, and architecture became a medium of societal expression. Historians call this period of time Enlightenment, the Age of Reason, or when architecture and art are concerned, the Neoclassic Era. Neoclassicism is a nostalgic return to the glorious majesty of past civilizations, or a return to what society considered the classical era, in attempt to recreate order and reason through the adoption of classical forms and styles. Neoclassicism in architecture coincided with the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain and was influenced by it. During this time, many individuals rose to wealth. Britain had a great deal of 'new' money; however, what most wealthy individuals of the industrial revolution did not have was a heritage, and it was heritage that gave individuals a sense of status. People of 'new' wealth invested their money into architects, who created buildings, whether it be a house, a church, or public buildings, in the classical style in order to give off a sense of having status. In the use of the classical style, they were attempting to reconnect with the past, and in a sense, creating for themselves an illusion of heritage or sense of status. The styles took the perfections of each past era and culminated them into the Victorian style, the societal expression of wealth, prosperity, status and affected heritage.

PHYSICS, MATHEMATICS & COMPUTER SCIENCE

ALDERFER, DAVID (CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY)
AN IMPROVED ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING ENDPOINTS OF ISOLATED UTTERANCES
CO-AUTHORS: DAVID W. ALDERFER, *JEFFREY Y. BEYON*
This paper will present an algorithm for detecting the endpoints of isolated utterances and the problems thereof. Detecting the endpointss of isolated utterances is an important process in speech recognition. By detecting the location of speech endpoints, background noise and the amount of processing can be reduced, improving the processing speed of speech recognition calculations. An algorithm for detecting isolated utterances produced at AT&T was used as a template with the intent of improving the existing algorithm. The AT&T algorithm, by Rabiner and Sambur, is widely used in the industry and is the bases for many other Endpoint algorithms. The AT&T algorithm is based on simple calculations of short-time energy and zero-crossing rates [1]. Our improved version is based on the AT&T algorithm, but differs in that it distinguishes between voiced and unvoiced data while making the calculations for determining endpoints. Our improved algorithm, using a limited set of speech data, appears to define the endpoints of isolated utterances more precisely than does the AT&T algorithm.

THOMAS, MEGAN (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
A LUMINESCENCE STUDY OF CDWO4 AND CDWO4: BI
CO-AUTHORS: THOMAS, MEGAN; TEMPLE, JENNIFER; *YOCHUM, H.M.
Luminescent materials affect us in our everyday lives when we use fluorescent lighting, watch TV, use ourcomputers or go to the doctor for x-rays. Therefore it is important for us to understand the optical properties that are associated with these materials. This presentationwill discuss the photoluminscence properties of pure Cadmium Tungstate versus the properties of Bismuth doped Cadmium Tungstate. The
relationship between our luminescence kinetics results on CdWO4 and CdWO4:Bi and the results from epr and steady state luminescence data by other researchers will be discussed.

MOORE, JAMES (VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY)
HIGH COVERAGE GROWTH ON SN:SI (5 5 12)
CO-AUTHORS: DICKINSON, J.W. SAMANTA, I. BASKI, A.A.*
The electronic properties of surfaces with one-dimensional structures have been a subject of intense interest, both fundamentally and as a result of their increased importance in semiconductor devices. In particular, the growth of 1-D metallic structures on semiconducting substrates has yielded a number of systems that exhibit interesting electronic properties. Recently, we have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflective high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) to study the growth behavior of metals on the row-like surface of Si(5 5 12). In this study, we explore the different growth modes for the Group IV metal Sn, where we expect intermixing of the tetravalent Sn and Si atoms. Deposition of Sn at high coverages (>1 ML) and high annealing temperatures (>700 degrees Celsius) causes the surface to undergo a large-scale rearrangement with the formation of sawtooth facets comprised of the Si(113) and Si(112) planes. At higher coverages (>1.2 ML) the Si(113) facets grow larger, with sharp-edged Si(111) facets replacing the Si(112) facets. On the Si(113) plane Sn forms relatively large protrusions with a 6x periodicity along the row direction. We are presently exploring the optimal conditions to produce such sawtooths, because such a corrugated surface provides yet another interesting template for growth.

BOLLING, RICKY (THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA'S COLLEGE AT WISE)
AN EXAMPLE OF AN EVERYWHERE CONTINUOUS, NOWHERE DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION
The purpose of this paper is to exhibit a function which is everywhere continuous, but nowhere differentiable. After the function is established, fundamental theorems of calculus are used to prove the function is continuous on the real line. It is then shown that the function is nowhere differentiable. This gives a real everywhere continuous function on the real line which is nowhere differentiable.

PAOLICCHI, CRISTINA (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
RADIO CONTINUUM MAPPING OF THE SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 4321
CO-AUTHORS: PAOLICCHI, CRISTINA M. *HYMAN, SCOTT D.
This research dealt with radio observations of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 4321. The main goal was to measure sources of radio emission detected on 6 cm and 20 cm wavelength radio images, and to compare them to corresponding sources found optically (i.e. at visible wavelengths). Ultimately, we are trying to improve our understanding of the beginning and endpoints of stellar evolution by studying star formation regions (HII regions) and debris from exploded stars (supernova remnants) that are detected on our radio images.  The radio observations were made by the Very Large Array (VLA) radio interferometer in New Mexico. New images were made by supplementing ten year old observations with newer VLA observations. Advancements in VLA observing techniques and in image processing resulted in a significant noise reduction factor of ~1.4 for the 6 cm image. More sources stand out against the background in the image and are therefore easier to measure. Unfortunately, however, the 20 cm image is not significantly improved by the addition of the newer observations. Still, preliminary detection and measurement of 3 HII regions and 7 supernovae remnants has been achieved. Further observations may be required to improve the 20 cm image.

BOSWELL, MELISSA (RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE/THOMAS JEFFERSON NATIONAL ACCELERATOR FACILITY)
MONTE CARLO MODELING OF JLAB SPECTROMETERS
CO-AUTHORS: BOSWELL, MELISSA; S ENT, ROLF
Monte Carlo simulations are used in both the design of spectrometers to estimate the expected performance and in the physics data taking to compare experimental results with Monte Carlo simulated results. The Monte Carlo simulations realistically take multiple scattering and energy loss effects into account in the target region, propagate the particles throughout the various magnetic elements, track them through the wire chambers and other detectors, taking intrinsic resolutions and multiple scattering into account, and finally reconstruct the event from this detector information. Finally, known cross sections and radiative corrections are taken into account such that the simulation mimics as closely as possible the experiment. The Monte Carlo results for the design of the 11-GeV/c Super High Momentum Spectrometer will be presented. Furthermore, examples of comparisons between experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations will be shown for elastic electron-proton scattering.

WRIGHT, MARCUS (LYNCHBURG COLLEGE)
ETHIOPIAN INPUT IN MICROSOFT WINDOWS APPLICATIONS
CO-AUTHORS: WRIGHT, MARCUS; BRIGGS, WILL*
KeyMap, new freeware that enables Amharic (Ethiopian) script input in Microsoft Windows, enables a previously under-served community to access computer and Internet technology in their own language. Previously supported only through proprietary software, Ethiopian may be input into such applications as Word, Netscape, PowerPoint, and others. KeyMap will soon be available free through the GNU public license agreement for public use and further development.

PSYCHOLOGY

THOMAS, LORIANN (RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE)
THE ROLE OF INHIBITORY CONTROL ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S USE OF STRATEGIC DECEPTION
CO: AUTHORS: THOMAS, LORIANN, M., CUEVAS, KIMBERLY, S., NORQUEIST, CAROL, *SCHWARTZ-KENNEY, BETH, M.
Research on children's ability to engage in strategic deception indicates that 3-year-olds are unable to utilize strategic deception as successfully as older children. Using the windows task, Hala and Russell (1989) examined the role of inhibitory control on 3-year-old's performance and believed that improved performance was due to inhibitory control assistance. To further examine the relationship between inhibitory control and strategic deception abilities, we manipulated the degree of inhibitory control needed to successfully perform a task. We hypothesized that 4-year-olds would perform better than 3-year-olds; however, this age difference would depend upon response condition. Four (n=31) and three (n=18) year-old children completed Luria's hand game and the Stroop-like day-night task, measures of inhibitory control. They were randomly assigned to one of four windows conditions, which differed in the amount of inhibitory control assistance. We found a significant main effect of age on windows task performance, F(1,35) = 12.70, p = .001. A marginally significant main effect of condition was also found F(3, 35) = 2.77, p = .056. These main effects were subsumed by a significant age X condition interaction, F(3, 35) = 2.99, p = .05. We also found a significant correlation between performance on Luria's hand game and the windows task (r = 37, p = .01). Results will be discussed in relation to existing theory of mind and contradictory findings on children's ability to perform the windows task as it relates to age and inhibitory control.

ANDERSON, SARAH (RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE)
WHICH GOVERNS READING COMPREHENSION: BIASING CONTEXTS OR PARSING RULES?
CO-AUTHORS: ANDERSON, SARAH E. ; *ADAMS, BEVERLY COLWELL
Adult readers read Early Closure biased sentences (e.g., Sharon had lunch with the wife of the athlete who was pregnant.), Late Closure biased sentences (e.g., with the wife of the athlete who played for the Washington Redskins.), and syntactically ambiguous sentences with no bias (e.g., with the wife of the athlete who was filing for divorce.). The sentences were presented using an off-line questionnaire. The results indicated that readers were sensitive to the biasing. Readers preferred the Early Closure strategy when reading Early Closure sentences and the Late Closure strategy when reading Late Closure sentences. When biasing was absent, they preferred the Late Closure strategy. The second phase of this study will assess these sentences in an on-line procedure to determine if the interpretation patterns are consistent with the off-line patterns.

ESSON, PATRICE; ANDERSON, SARAH (RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE)
TYPE AND ORDER OF VERBS: DO THEY INFLUENCE COMPREHENSION?
CO-AUTHORS: ANDERSON, SARAH E.; ESSON, PATRICE; *ADAMS, BEVERLY COLWELL
College readers read syntactically ambiguous sentences, which were presented on a computer screen, using a one-word-at-a-time moving window procedure. Unique to this study was our use of compound verbs in the preposed clause, such that the sentences differed by verb type (transitive vs. intransitive) and verb order. For example: 1) After the dog scratched and scratched the vet took off the muzzle. 2) After the dog scratched and struggled the vet took off the muzzle. 3) After the dog struggled and scratched the vet took off the muzzle. 4) After the dog struggled and struggled the vet took off the muzzle. The results suggest that when the intransitive verb is in the second position, the disambiguating region (took off) is read more quickly than when the transitive verb is in the second position. When the transitive verb is repeated (scratched and scratched), the accuracy of the comprehension question for the sentences is much higher than repetition of the intransitive verb (struggled and struggled) or any other condition. Converging support from reading time analyses of the head noun in the main clause (the vet), disambiguating region (took off), and the rest of the sentence (the muzzle) support the Constraint-Biased model of parsing.

TOMITA, HIDEAKI (LYNCHBURG COLLEGE, SCHOOL OF SCIENCES)
ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR ACTIVATION SELECTIVELY IMPAIRS CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING IN RATS.
CO-AUTHORS: HIDEAKI TOMITA; KEITH CORODIMAS*
The present study examined the effects of acute adenosine A1 receptor activation on the acquisition and expression of hippocampal-dependent and hippocampal-independent forms of emotional (fear) learning. A Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm was used to determine the effect of N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a selective A1 receptor agonist, on contextual (hippocampal-dependent) and non-contextual (hippocampal-independent) fear conditioning. In the first experiment, acute intraperitoneal administration of CPA 30-minutes prior to the presentation of seven tone-shock pairings severely disrupted the acquisition of context conditioning, but had no effect on tone conditioning, when conditioned fear was measured 24 later. This effect was dose-dependent: a dose of 0.5 mg/kg had no effect on either context or tone conditioning, whereas doses of 1.0 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg selectively disrupted context conditioning. In experiment 2 we found that the selective disruption of context conditioning could not be attributed to the fact that it is a weaker form of learning. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the preferential disruption of context conditioning by CPA was not due to state-dependent learning. This experiment also indicated that CPA had no effect on the expression of contextual conditioning when drug was administered 30-minutes before behavioral testing. Considered together, these results indicate that acute adenosine A1 receptor activation severely impairs, in a dose-dependent fashion, fear conditioning to multisensory, contextual cues in the conditioning environment, while sparing fear learning to unisensory, non-contextual cues (tone).

MCKINSTRY, TERRI (GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY)
CAREGIVER AGREEMENT ON CAREGIVER AND CO-CAREGIVER CHILD INTERACTIONS
CO-AUTHORS: MCKINSTRY, TERRI; RITZER, DARREN*
This study measured primary co-caregiver agreement on a series of basic questions regarding their perceptions of their children and of each other. Questionnaires were sent to 50 pairs of co-caregivers, with one or more children between the ages of 2 and 11. Twenty-two completed surveys were returned. The average respondent age was 37 years old, 100% of co-caregivers were mothers and fathers (not stepparents or guardians), and 100% of fathers worked at least 40 hours per week. Examined variables included occupational information, child information, perceptions of self, and perceptions of co-caregiver. Collected child information included activities and interests, personality characteristics, and age. Caregiver and co-caregiver information included discipline style, average number of total hours spent with child per week as well as average number of quality hours spent with child per week. Co-caregivers were instructed to report total hours and quality hours spent with child per week for themselves as well as each other. Descriptive data for each of these variables and an examination of co-caregiver agreement will be presented. The variable that emerged as the most influential in determining caregiver agreement is the age of the respondents.

BIRDWHISTELL, DANIEL (WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY)
EFFECTS OF REWARDS AND STANDARDS OF CRITERIA ON CREATIVITY IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CLASSROOM
CO-AUTHORS: DR. PAUL NOTARO, ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY; *DR. DAVID ELMES
Investigates how the promise of non-synergistic extrinsic rewards (candy) and quantitative standards of production (minimum levels of production for specific tasks) affect the creative performance of 41 3rd and 42 5th grade students relative to normal creative ability. The Average Standard Score on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking, Figural Form B was used to measure overall creative performance. Individual creative behaviors were measured by fluency, originality, elaboration, abstractness of title, and resistance to closure on the same test. The promise of reward increased creative production in both 3rd and 5th grade students irrespective of ability, with higher increases in the 5th grade students. The reward significantly improved fluency, abstractness of title, and resistance to closure. The standard of production negatively affected creative production for students with normally low creative abilities. This result was especially negative with the 5th grade students.

TAYLOR, MEREDITH (SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE)
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISORDERED EATING, DEPRESSION AND TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS IN COLLEGE-AGED WOMEN
This study examined the relationship between depression and disordered eating in a population of young women with Type I Diabetes Mellitus. Responses from the Beck's Depression Indicator, the Eating Attitudes Test, and a health survey designed explicitly for this study, indicate that young women with diabetes have higher rates of the psychological disorders. Previous studies, as well as the implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.

RIGGS, HAROLD (NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY)
TEST ANXIETY
Past research has shown that test anxiety may influence a students' performance on tests. The present study sought to examine the causes of test anxiety. Self esteem, gender, and GPA scores were examined as independent variables that may influence test anxiety. The Nist and Diehl scale was used to measure test anxiety and the Rosenberg self esteem scale was used to measure self esteem. A questionnaire survey of 52 university student respondents including 11 men and 41 females was conducted at a Virginia university. A non probability sampling technique was used. Results did not support the hypotheses. No significant differences were observed between men and women on test anxiety. Self esteem and GPA did not show any significant relationship with test anxiety. Generally students showed low test anxiety and high self esteem. Limitations of the study might have accounted for these findings since it was non probability with a low number of male respondents. It is suggested that continued investigation is needed.

SOCIOLOGY

FIELDS, JENNIFER (RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE)
DISPOSITION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE MEDICALIZATION OF DEVIANCE
The use of physical violence to gain or demonstrate power in a relationship has occurred throughout history, but only recently has family violence been labeled as a social problem. It wasn't until the 1970's that spousal abuse was recognized as a social problem requiring institutional responses. Efforts to combat the problem of domestic violence have focused on pro-arrest policies among police departments and court-mandated rehabilitation programs (Lyon and Mace, 1991). My analysis will focus on the disposition of offenders, particularly the use of court-mandated rehabilitation programs. My methodology involved observing domestic violence court proceedings and interviewing 2 district attorneys in a family court in central Virginia. I employed qualitative data analysis techniques and SPSS to analyze my findings. My findings indicated that a disproportionate number of the dispositions resulted in referral to counseling programs rather than jail time. The "Medicalization of Deviance" theory was used to further analyze and explain why offenders are being treated as sick and in need of help rather than criminal and in need of punishment. The results also indicate that the allocation of scarce resources, such as court time and space, the use of protective orders and plea bargains, and referral of offenders to counseling programs all serve to increase the time/cost efficiency of the system at the expense of the victim. Suggestions are given as to ways of improving the criminal justice system and its methods of disposing of domestic violence offenders.

BATES, SHALISE (RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE)
OUR HANDS ARE TIED: EXAMINING LAW ENFORCEMENT IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DETERRENCE
The role of institutional response in domestic violence is important to its overall reduction. The combined efforts of the criminal justice and social service systems are intended to create shelter and protection for victims, along with rehabilitation for aggressors. In particular, this study explores the problem of domestic violence by examining law enforcement's role in terms of policies, procedures and practices in domestic assault cases. In investigating the role of law enforcement in domestic violence prevention, the emphasis is on the impact of personal discretion and gender issues on law enforcement effectiveness. The Study was exploratory, utilizing interviews with police officers in a Central Virginia sheriff's office, police department, and a social worker in a domestic violence resource center. Three domestic violence investigators, five patrol officers and the social worker were asked a series of open-ended questions pertaining to police experiences in domestic assault cases and basic domestic violence policy, procedure and training. Findings were analyzed using N.U.D.I.S.T. qualitative research software. The findings revealed that issues of safety, officer/victim relations, frustrating court experiences, low evaluation levels and officer experience levels impact the way that officers manage domestic assault cases. These issues illuminate ineffective domestic violence policy, procedures and training.

STONE, MELISSA (FERRUM COLLEGE)
TRUTH IN SENTENCING: AN ACCEPTABLE POLICY OF SENTENCING WITH REGARD TO SOCIAL TRENDS?
Since 1976, the usage of determinate sentencing over indeterminate sentencing has become increasingly popular. With this sift in policies, one could assume that society seeks retribution over rehabilitation. The purpose of this research is to establish an ongoing research question that seeks to examine the reaction of citizens to methods employed by determinate sentencing. By definition, indeterminate sentencing should be preferred over determinate sentencing in a society that places more emphasis on rehabilitation as opposed to punishment, i.e., incarceration. This paper will review the two sentencing methods and policies that are frequently used in each structure. Of particular interest is whether individuals favor longer sentences over rehabilitative options. Also, it will be important to examine whether respondents feel previous convictions should be allowed as a factor of determination in sentencing phases of trials. In sum, this research will seek to draw connections between sentencing methods and public preference of the methods currently in use in judicial and correctional systems.

CAMPBELL, JEREMY (DAVIDSON COLLEGE)
"WHERE HAVE ALL THE PATIENTS GONE?; THE SEEKING, FINDING, AND BUREAUCRACY OF HEALING IN BROOKLYN, NY
In a growing nation of complicated cultural networks and confusing social institutions, the life of the recent immigrant is fraught with difficulties, especially concerning one of the most vital of necessities: healthcare. Due to the pervasiveness of policy change at the federal, state, local, and private levels, negotiating healthcare decisions have become tricky tasks for even the average English-speaking American citizen. The recently immigrant Chinese-American population of Brooklyn, NY, the population highlighted in this study, have had a particularly difficult time accessing stable and comprehensible healthcare services. Members of a working class enclave community, these Mandarin and Cantonese speakers exhibit an inordinately high amount of transferring among and between different primary healthcare providers: hospitals, clinics, private practices. In conjunction with the Behavioral Sciences research team at the Lutheran Medical Center's Sunset Park Health Network Centers (one of the medical providers that has lost a high percentage of its former Chinese-American patients over the past 18 months), I investigated the phenomena of demographic shift and patient satisfaction among the Chinese-American population. The results of a phone-survey and door-to-door ethnography will show a host of various contributing causes to the itinerancy of Chinese-American healthcare status, ranging from issues of language and culturally-specific ideals of institutional healing to availability of transportation and consultation. The study also provided an opportunity to explore the multiple ways in which social research is used in the context of a working hospital in the age of burgeoning healthcare cost and confusion.

* indicates faculty co-author